diff --git a/agent/provider.go b/agent/provider.go
index 42bc42f..08e1717 100644
--- a/agent/provider.go
+++ b/agent/provider.go
@@ -250,14 +250,30 @@ func (c Config) Provider() string {
 	return "anthropic"
 }
 
-// NewProvider builds an llm.Provider from the config. When a rate is set, the
-// limiter lives on the single provider instance — so planner + all workers +
-// main agent (which share this provider) are bounded by one shared rate limit.
+// NewProvider builds a provider with its own HTTP request limiter. Every HTTP
+// attempt, including SDK retries, counts toward both rolling rate windows.
 func (c Config) NewProvider() (llm.Provider, error) {
+	return c.NewProviderWithLimiter(&RequestLimiter{})
+}
+
+// NewProviderWithLimiter reuses quota history across provider rebuilds. Callers
+// sharing a profile must retain the same limiter outside their provider cache.
+func (c Config) NewProviderWithLimiter(limiter *RequestLimiter) (llm.Provider, error) {
 	client, err := quotaAwareHTTPClient(c.Proxy, c.SessionHeaderKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	return c.newProvider(client, limiter)
+}
+
+func (c Config) newProvider(client *http.Client, limiter *RequestLimiter) (llm.Provider, error) {
+	if limiter == nil {
+		limiter = &RequestLimiter{}
+	}
+	if err := limiter.configure(c.RatePerSecond, c.RatePerMinute); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	client.Transport = rateLimitedTransport{base: client.Transport, limiter: limiter}
 	lc := llm.Config{
 		Format:     c.Format,
 		BaseURL:    c.BaseURL,
@@ -277,9 +293,8 @@ func (c Config) NewProvider() (llm.Provider, error) {
 	lc.RetryInterval = c.Retry.ConnectInterval
 	lc.EmptyResponseRetries = c.Retry.EmptyAttempts
 	lc.EmptyResponseInterval = c.Retry.EmptyInterval
-	if c.RatePerSecond > 0 || c.RatePerMinute > 0 {
-		lc.RateLimit = &llm.RateLimit{PerSecond: c.RatePerSecond, PerMinute: c.RatePerMinute}
-	}
+	// Norma's limiter allows a full-window burst and excludes establishment
+	// retries. Enforce limits on HTTP attempts instead; do not also enable it.
 	return llm.NewProvider(lc)
 }
 
diff --git a/agent/request_limiter.go b/agent/request_limiter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..509fdb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/agent/request_limiter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package agent
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"net/http"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// RequestLimiter counts HTTP attempts in rolling second/minute windows. Keep it
+// outside provider caches so rebuilding a provider does not reset its quota.
+// Its zero value is ready for use; limits are set by NewProviderWithLimiter.
+type RequestLimiter struct {
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+	windows [2]requestWindow
+	sent    []time.Time
+	changed chan struct{}
+}
+
+type requestWindow struct {
+	period time.Duration
+	limit  float64
+}
+
+func (l *RequestLimiter) configure(perSecond, perMinute float64) error {
+	var windows [2]requestWindow
+	for i, rate := range [2]float64{perSecond, perMinute} {
+		if math.IsNaN(rate) || math.IsInf(rate, 0) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("LLM request rate must be finite")
+		}
+		if rate <= 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		period := [2]time.Duration{time.Second, time.Minute}[i]
+		// Whole HTTP attempts cannot exceed a fractional window capacity.
+		limit := math.Floor(rate)
+		if rate < 1 {
+			// Preserve fractional rates such as 0.5/s as one attempt per 2s.
+			d := math.Ceil(float64(period) / rate)
+			if d >= float64(math.MaxInt64) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("LLM request rate is too small")
+			}
+			period, limit = time.Duration(d), 1
+		}
+		windows[i] = requestWindow{period: period, limit: limit}
+	}
+	l.mu.Lock()
+	defer l.mu.Unlock()
+	l.windows = windows
+	if l.changed != nil {
+		close(l.changed)
+	}
+	l.changed = make(chan struct{})
+	return nil
+}
+
+// wait counts a request only when it may actually proceed. Waiters recheck both
+// windows under the same lock, so concurrency and cancellation cannot overbook
+// capacity. Requests in (now-period, now] count toward each rolling window.
+func (l *RequestLimiter) wait(ctx context.Context) error {
+	if l == nil {
+		return ctx.Err()
+	}
+	for {
+		l.mu.Lock()
+		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+			l.mu.Unlock()
+			return err
+		}
+		now := time.Now()
+		// Retain at least a minute across limit changes, including while limits
+		// are disabled. Fractional rates may need a longer history.
+		retention := time.Minute
+		for _, w := range l.windows {
+			if w.period > retention {
+				retention = w.period
+			}
+		}
+		first := 0
+		// Keep the last attempt even when older than retention: a subsequent
+		// switch to a fractional rate may need to space requests further apart.
+		for first+1 < len(l.sent) && !l.sent[first].After(now.Add(-retention)) {
+			first++
+		}
+		l.sent = l.sent[first:]
+		var delay time.Duration
+		for _, w := range l.windows {
+			if w.limit == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			start := len(l.sent)
+			for start > 0 && l.sent[start-1].After(now.Add(-w.period)) {
+				start--
+			}
+			count := len(l.sent) - start
+			if float64(count) >= w.limit {
+				// If a limit was lowered, enough old requests must expire to
+				// leave room for this attempt, not just the oldest request.
+				d := l.sent[len(l.sent)-int(w.limit)].Add(w.period).Sub(now)
+				if d > delay {
+					delay = d
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if delay <= 0 {
+			l.sent = append(l.sent, now)
+			l.mu.Unlock()
+			return nil
+		}
+		changed := l.changed
+		l.mu.Unlock()
+		timer := time.NewTimer(delay)
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			timer.Stop()
+			return ctx.Err()
+		case <-changed:
+			timer.Stop()
+		case <-timer.C:
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type rateLimitedTransport struct {
+	base    http.RoundTripper
+	limiter *RequestLimiter
+}
+
+func (t rateLimitedTransport) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	if err := t.limiter.wait(req.Context()); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return t.base.RoundTrip(req)
+}
diff --git a/agent/request_limiter_test.go b/agent/request_limiter_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..480686a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/agent/request_limiter_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+package agent
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"math"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"testing/synctest"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Autumn-27/norma/llm"
+)
+
+func TestRequestLimiterRollingWindows(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name     string
+		rps, rpm float64
+		capacity int
+		window   time.Duration
+	}{
+		{"second", 10, 0, 10, time.Second},
+		{"minute_45", 0, 45, 45, time.Minute},
+		{"fractional_second", .5, 0, 1, 2 * time.Second},
+		{"fractional_minute", 0, .5, 1, 2 * time.Minute},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+				l := &RequestLimiter{}
+				if err := l.configure(tc.rps, tc.rpm); err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+				start := time.Now()
+				for i := 0; i < tc.capacity; i++ {
+					if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
+					}
+				}
+				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), tc.window-time.Nanosecond)
+				defer cancel()
+				if err := l.wait(ctx); !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+					t.Fatalf("extra attempt before window expired: %v", err)
+				}
+				if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+				if elapsed := time.Since(start); elapsed != tc.window {
+					t.Fatalf("next attempt at %s, want %s; cancelled wait must not consume quota", elapsed, tc.window)
+				}
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRequestLimiterBothWindowsAndConcurrentCallers(t *testing.T) {
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		l := &RequestLimiter{}
+		if err := l.configure(3, 5); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		var mu sync.Mutex
+		var sent []time.Time
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		start := time.Now()
+		for i := 0; i < 12; i++ {
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func() {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+					t.Error(err)
+					return
+				}
+				mu.Lock()
+				sent = append(sent, time.Now())
+				mu.Unlock()
+			}()
+		}
+		wg.Wait()
+		if elapsed := time.Since(start); elapsed != 2*time.Minute {
+			t.Fatalf("12 requests under 3/s and 5/min took %s, want 2m", elapsed)
+		}
+		assertRollingRequestCounts(t, sent, time.Second, 3)
+		assertRollingRequestCounts(t, sent, time.Minute, 5)
+	})
+}
+
+func assertRollingRequestCounts(t *testing.T, sent []time.Time, window time.Duration, limit int) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for _, end := range sent {
+		count := 0
+		for _, ts := range sent {
+			if ts.After(end.Add(-window)) && !ts.After(end) {
+				count++
+			}
+		}
+		if count > limit {
+			t.Fatalf("%d attempts in rolling %s, limit %d", count, window, limit)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRequestLimiterReconfiguration(t *testing.T) {
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		l := &RequestLimiter{}
+		if err := l.configure(0, 5); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+			if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+		start := time.Now()
+		if err := l.configure(0, 2); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		done := make(chan error, 1)
+		go func() { done <- l.wait(context.Background()) }()
+		synctest.Wait()
+		select {
+		case err := <-done:
+			t.Fatalf("lowering limit reset history: %v", err)
+		default:
+		}
+		// A change must wake waiting requests rather than leave them sleeping
+		// until the old minute window expires.
+		if err := l.configure(0, 6); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if err := <-done; err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if time.Since(start) != 0 {
+			t.Fatal("waiter did not wake on limit increase")
+		}
+		if err := l.configure(0, 2); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if time.Since(start) != time.Minute {
+			t.Fatal("lower limit did not retain previous attempts")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestRequestLimiterDisabledAndCancelled(t *testing.T) {
+	l := &RequestLimiter{}
+	if err := l.configure(0, 0); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	cancel()
+	if err := l.wait(ctx); !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+		t.Fatalf("got %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(l.sent) != 100 {
+		t.Fatal("cancelled request consumed quota")
+	}
+	for _, rate := range []float64{math.NaN(), math.Inf(1), math.Inf(-1), math.SmallestNonzeroFloat64} {
+		if err := l.configure(rate, 0); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("accepted invalid rate %v", rate)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Exercise the actual Norma retry loops for all formats and both completion
+// modes. In-memory HTTP responses let synctest advance a full minute instantly.
+func TestProviderRateLimitCountsHTTPRetries(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, format := range []string{"openai", "anthropic", "openai-responses"} {
+		for _, streaming := range []bool{false, true} {
+			mode := "complete"
+			if streaming {
+				mode = "stream"
+			}
+			t.Run(format+"/"+mode, func(t *testing.T) {
+				synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+					var sent []time.Time
+					client := &http.Client{Transport: roundTripperFunc(func(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+						sent = append(sent, time.Now())
+						return &http.Response{StatusCode: 500, Header: make(http.Header),
+							Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(`{"error":{"message":"temporary error"}}`))}, nil
+					})}
+					cfg := ConfigFrom(format, "test-model", "http://example.invalid", "test-key", "")
+					cfg.RatePerSecond, cfg.RatePerMinute = 1, 2
+					cfg.Retry.ConnectInterval = time.Millisecond
+					prov, err := cfg.newProvider(client, &RequestLimiter{})
+					if err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
+					}
+					start := time.Now()
+					req := llm.CompletionRequest{Messages: []llm.Message{llm.UserText("ping")}}
+					if streaming {
+						for _, streamErr := range prov.Stream(context.Background(), req) {
+							err = streamErr
+						}
+					} else {
+						_, _, _, err = prov.Complete(context.Background(), req)
+					}
+					if err == nil {
+						t.Fatal("expected upstream 500")
+					}
+					if len(sent) != 4 {
+						t.Fatalf("HTTP attempts=%d, want initial+3 retries", len(sent))
+					}
+					assertRollingRequestCounts(t, sent, time.Second, 1)
+					assertRollingRequestCounts(t, sent, time.Minute, 2)
+					if elapsed := time.Since(start); elapsed != time.Minute+time.Second {
+						t.Fatalf("retry attempts took %s, want 1m1s", elapsed)
+					}
+				})
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProviderRebuildPreservesRateLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		l := &RequestLimiter{}
+		var sent []time.Time
+		cfg := ConfigFrom("openai", "test-model", "http://example.invalid", "test-key", "")
+		cfg.RatePerMinute = 1
+		cfg.Retry.ConnectAttempts = -1
+		for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+			client := &http.Client{Transport: roundTripperFunc(func(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+				sent = append(sent, time.Now())
+				return &http.Response{StatusCode: 500, Header: make(http.Header), Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader("error"))}, nil
+			})}
+			prov, err := cfg.newProvider(client, l)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			prov.Complete(context.Background(), llm.CompletionRequest{Messages: []llm.Message{llm.UserText("ping")}})
+		}
+		if len(sent) != 2 || sent[1].Sub(sent[0]) != time.Minute {
+			t.Fatalf("provider rebuild reset quota: %v", sent)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestProviderRateLimitSuccessfulRequests(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name     string
+		rps, rpm float64
+		calls    int
+		window   time.Duration
+		limit    int
+	}{
+		{"minute_45_requests_60", 0, 45, 60, time.Minute, 45},
+		{"second_10_requests_15", 10, 0, 15, time.Second, 10},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+				var sent []time.Time
+				client := &http.Client{Transport: roundTripperFunc(func(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+					sent = append(sent, time.Now())
+					return &http.Response{StatusCode: 200, Header: make(http.Header), Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(
+						`{"choices":[{"message":{"role":"assistant","content":"ok"},"finish_reason":"stop"}]}`))}, nil
+				})}
+				cfg := ConfigFrom("openai", "test-model", "http://example.invalid", "test-key", "")
+				cfg.RatePerSecond, cfg.RatePerMinute = tc.rps, tc.rpm
+				prov, err := cfg.newProvider(client, &RequestLimiter{})
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+				start := time.Now()
+				for i := 0; i < tc.calls; i++ {
+					_, _, _, err := prov.Complete(context.Background(), llm.CompletionRequest{Messages: []llm.Message{llm.UserText("ping")}})
+					if err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
+					}
+				}
+				if len(sent) != tc.calls || time.Since(start) != tc.window {
+					t.Fatalf("sent %d attempts in %s, want %d in %s", len(sent), time.Since(start), tc.calls, tc.window)
+				}
+				assertRollingRequestCounts(t, sent, tc.window, tc.limit)
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProviderRateLimitCountsEmptyResponseRetries(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, streaming := range []bool{false, true} {
+		name := "complete"
+		if streaming {
+			name = "stream"
+		}
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+				var sent []time.Time
+				client := &http.Client{Transport: roundTripperFunc(func(r *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+					sent = append(sent, time.Now())
+					body := `{"choices":[{"message":{"role":"assistant","content":""},"finish_reason":"stop"}]}`
+					if streaming {
+						body = "data: {\"choices\":[{\"delta\":{},\"finish_reason\":\"stop\"}]}\n\ndata: [DONE]\n\n"
+					}
+					return &http.Response{StatusCode: 200, Header: make(http.Header), Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(body))}, nil
+				})}
+				cfg := ConfigFrom("openai", "test-model", "http://example.invalid", "test-key", "")
+				cfg.RatePerMinute = 1
+				cfg.Retry.EmptyInterval = time.Millisecond
+				prov, err := cfg.newProvider(client, &RequestLimiter{})
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+				req := llm.CompletionRequest{Messages: []llm.Message{llm.UserText("ping")}}
+				if streaming {
+					for range prov.Stream(context.Background(), req) {
+					}
+				} else {
+					prov.Complete(context.Background(), req)
+				}
+				if len(sent) != 3 {
+					t.Fatalf("attempts=%d, want initial + 2 empty retries", len(sent))
+				}
+				assertRollingRequestCounts(t, sent, time.Minute, 1)
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRequestLimiterUsesRollingHistory(t *testing.T) {
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		l := &RequestLimiter{}
+		if err := l.configure(3, 0); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		start := time.Now()
+		for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+			if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+		time.Sleep(750 * time.Millisecond)
+		if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		time.Sleep(350 * time.Millisecond)
+		for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+			if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+		// Only the two t=0 attempts expired. The one at t=.75 still counts.
+		if err := l.wait(context.Background()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if time.Since(start) != 1750*time.Millisecond {
+			t.Fatal("window reset lost an unexpired attempt")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestRateLimitedTransportCancellationDoesNotSend(t *testing.T) {
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		l := &RequestLimiter{}
+		if err := l.configure(0, 1); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		calls := 0
+		tr := rateLimitedTransport{limiter: l, base: roundTripperFunc(func(*http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			calls++
+			return &http.Response{StatusCode: 200, Body: http.NoBody}, nil
+		})}
+		req, err := http.NewRequest("POST", "http://example.invalid", nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if _, err := tr.RoundTrip(req); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		if _, err := tr.RoundTrip(req.WithContext(ctx)); !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			t.Fatalf("got %v", err)
+		}
+		if calls != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("cancelled waiter sent HTTP request: %d", calls)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestProviderRateLimitPublicFactory(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, format := range []string{"openai", "anthropic", "openai-responses"} {
+		for _, streaming := range []bool{false, true} {
+			mode := "complete"
+			if streaming {
+				mode = "stream"
+			}
+			t.Run(format+"/"+mode, func(t *testing.T) {
+				var requests atomic.Int32
+				upstream := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+					requests.Add(1)
+					w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+					io.WriteString(w, `{"error":{"message":"temporary error"}}`)
+				}))
+				defer upstream.Close()
+				cfg := ConfigFrom(format, "test-model", upstream.URL, "test-key", "")
+				cfg.RatePerSecond, cfg.RatePerMinute = 1, 1
+				cfg.Retry.ConnectAttempts = -1
+				limiter := &RequestLimiter{}
+				req := llm.CompletionRequest{Messages: []llm.Message{llm.UserText("ping")}}
+				for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+					// A new public provider factory call must keep the old quota.
+					prov, err := cfg.NewProviderWithLimiter(limiter)
+					if err != nil {
+						t.Fatal(err)
+					}
+					ctx := context.Background()
+					if i == 1 {
+						var cancel context.CancelFunc
+						ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, 50*time.Millisecond)
+						defer cancel()
+					}
+					if streaming {
+						for _, streamErr := range prov.Stream(ctx, req) {
+							err = streamErr
+						}
+					} else {
+						_, _, _, err = prov.Complete(ctx, req)
+					}
+					if err == nil {
+						t.Fatal("expected upstream error or quota wait cancellation")
+					}
+					if i == 1 && !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+						t.Fatalf("got %v, want quota wait deadline", err)
+					}
+				}
+				if got := requests.Load(); got != 1 {
+					t.Fatalf("provider rebuild sent %d HTTP requests under 1/min", got)
+				}
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/server/request_limiter_test.go b/server/request_limiter_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..946c4b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/request_limiter_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package server
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestProfileRequestLimiterSurvivesCacheInvalidation(t *testing.T) {
+	s := &Server{}
+	limiter := s.requestLimiterForProfile(1)
+	if limiter == s.requestLimiterForProfile(2) || limiter == s.requestLimiterForProfile(0) {
+		t.Fatal("different profiles must have independent quotas")
+	}
+	s.invalidateProfileAgents()
+	if got := s.requestLimiterForProfile(1); got != limiter {
+		t.Fatal("clearing providers reset the profile's rate limiter")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/server/server.go b/server/server.go
index 313d50c..17b916b 100644
--- a/server/server.go
+++ b/server/server.go
@@ -103,6 +103,9 @@ type Server struct {
 	provCacheMu   sync.Mutex
 	provByProfile map[int64]*provEntry
 	provCacheGen  uint64
+	// Quota histories survive provider/agent cache invalidation. Key 0 belongs
+	// to the non-persisted global config; persisted profiles use their DB IDs.
+	requestLimiters map[int64]*agent.RequestLimiter
 
 	// llmHealth is the process-wide circuit-breaker state for LLM failover (轮询).
 	// It deliberately lives OUTSIDE the provider caches: rebuilding the chain
@@ -446,7 +449,7 @@ func (s *Server) applyLLM(cfg agent.Config) error {
 	}
 	if prov == nil {
 		var err error
-		prov, err = cfg.NewProvider()
+		prov, err = cfg.NewProviderWithLimiter(s.requestLimiterForProfile(0))
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -581,31 +584,51 @@ func (s *Server) providerForProfile(id int64) (llm.Provider, agent.Config, bool)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, agent.Config{}, false
 	}
-	prov, err := cfg.NewProvider()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Printf("[engine] build provider for LLM profile %d failed: %v", id, err)
-		return nil, agent.Config{}, false
-	}
-	// Wrap with recorder, tagged with this profile's name.
-	if p, _ := s.m.pg.ProfileByID(id); p != nil {
-		prov = llmrec.Wrap(prov, s.m.PG(), cfg.Model, p.Name, cfg.ThinkingType, cfg.ReasoningEffort, s.m.LLMRecordEnabled)
-		prov = bindSideProvider(prov, cfg, id, p.Name)
-	}
+	profile, _ := s.m.pg.ProfileByID(id)
 	s.provCacheMu.Lock()
 	if generation != s.provCacheGen {
 		s.provCacheMu.Unlock()
 		return s.providerForProfile(id)
 	}
 	if e := s.provByProfile[id]; e != nil { // lost the race → keep the winner
-		prov, cfg = e.prov, e.cfg
-	} else {
-		s.provByProfile[id] = &provEntry{prov: prov, cfg: cfg}
-		log.Printf("[engine] built provider for LLM profile %d (%s / %s)", id, cfg.Provider(), cfg.Model)
+		s.provCacheMu.Unlock()
+		return e.prov, e.cfg, true
 	}
+	// Building the HTTP client does not perform network I/O. Keep this step
+	// under the generation lock so a stale build cannot overwrite the retained
+	// limiter's settings after a newer configuration has already been installed.
+	prov, err := cfg.NewProviderWithLimiter(s.requestLimiterForProfileLocked(id))
+	if err != nil {
+		s.provCacheMu.Unlock()
+		log.Printf("[engine] build provider for LLM profile %d failed: %v", id, err)
+		return nil, agent.Config{}, false
+	}
+	if profile != nil {
+		prov = llmrec.Wrap(prov, s.m.PG(), cfg.Model, profile.Name, cfg.ThinkingType, cfg.ReasoningEffort, s.m.LLMRecordEnabled)
+		prov = bindSideProvider(prov, cfg, id, profile.Name)
+	}
+	s.provByProfile[id] = &provEntry{prov: prov, cfg: cfg}
+	log.Printf("[engine] built provider for LLM profile %d (%s / %s)", id, cfg.Provider(), cfg.Model)
 	s.provCacheMu.Unlock()
 	return prov, cfg, true
 }
 
+func (s *Server) requestLimiterForProfile(id int64) *agent.RequestLimiter {
+	s.provCacheMu.Lock()
+	defer s.provCacheMu.Unlock()
+	return s.requestLimiterForProfileLocked(id)
+}
+
+func (s *Server) requestLimiterForProfileLocked(id int64) *agent.RequestLimiter {
+	if s.requestLimiters == nil {
+		s.requestLimiters = make(map[int64]*agent.RequestLimiter)
+	}
+	if s.requestLimiters[id] == nil {
+		s.requestLimiters[id] = &agent.RequestLimiter{}
+	}
+	return s.requestLimiters[id]
+}
+
 // chatAgentForProfile returns a ChatAgent built from a specific LLM profile, cached
 // per profile id. Returns nil if the profile is missing or has no API key.
 func (s *Server) chatAgentForProfile(id int64) *agent.ChatAgent {